Finished AB5

Signed-off-by: Lorenz Stechauner <lorenz.stechauner@necronda.net>

angabe/Aufgabenblatt2.md

@@ -61,5 +61,3 @@ Himmelskörpern:
 - Implementierung von `BodyForceMap`: 2 Punkte
 - Anpassung von `Simulation`: 1 Punkt
 - Gesamt: 5 Punkte 
-
-

angabe/Aufgabenblatt3.md

@@ -47,4 +47,3 @@ Allgemeiner Hinweis: bei einigen Methoden sind Vorbedingungen (_pre-conditions_)
 - Implementierung von `BodyForceTreeMap`: 2 Punkte
 - Implementierung von `Simulation3`: 1 Punkt
 - Gesamt: 5 Punkte
-

angabe/Aufgabenblatt4.md

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+# Aufgabenblatt 4
+
+## Allgemeine Anmerkungen
+Ihre Lösung für dieses Aufgabenblatt ist bis Montag, 2.5. 11h durch `git commit` und `push`
+abzugeben. Mit der Angabe werden die Dateien `CosmicSystem.java`, `Drawable.java`, 
+`NamedBodyForcePair.java`, `HierarchicalSystem.java`, `Simulation4.java` und `Aufgabe4Test.java` 
+mitgeliefert.
+
+Wenn Sie zusätzlich zu den gefragten Klassen weitere Klassen definieren, achten Sie darauf, dass
+die Klassennamen mit `My` beginnen, um Konflikte mit späteren Aufgabenblättern zu vermeiden.
+
+## Ziel
+Ziel der Aufgabe ist die Anwendung der Konzepte: Interfaces, dynamisches Binden, toString() 
+(siehe Skriptum Seite 75-84).
+
+## Beschreibung der gegebenen Dateien
+
+- [CosmicSystem](../src/CosmicSystem.java) ist ein gegebenes Interface, das von den Klassen
+`NamedBodyForcePair` und `HierarchicalSystem` implementiert wird. Mithilfe dieses lässt sich somit eine
+Hierarchie von Systemen und Subsystemen beschreiben. Unser Sonnensystem ist ein Beispiel eines Systems,
+das mehrere Teilsysteme beinhaltet. Ein solches Teilsystem ist beispielsweise das System Erde und Erdmond.
+Ein anderes Teilsystem wäre Jupiter mit seinen Monden. Verändern Sie dieses Interface nicht.
+- [Drawable](../src/Drawable.java) wird von `CosmicSystem` verwendet. Verändern Sie dieses Interface 
+nicht.
+- [NamedBodyForcePair](../src/NamedBodyForcePair.java) ist das Gerüst für eine Klassendefinition.
+Die Klasse implementiert `CosmicSystem` und repräsentiert einen einzelnen benannten Himmelskörper
+ (z.B. "Mars") zusammen mit der auf ihn wirkenden Kraft.
+- [HierarchicalSystem](../src/HierarchicalSystem.java) ist das Gerüst für eine Klassendefinition.
+Die Klasse implementiert `CosmicSystem`und repräsentiert ein System von Himmelskörpern (z.B.
+Sonnensystem) bestehend aus einem zentralen Himmelskörper und beliebig vielen Untersystemen in
+dessen Orbit. Für alle Himmelskörper werden die Kräfte, die auf diese jeweils wirken, mitverwaltet.
+- [Simulation4](../src/Simulation4.java) ist ein Gerüst für eine ausführbare Klasse. Hier soll
+die Simulation analog zur Klasse `Simulation` implementiert werden (damit Sie Ihre [ursprüngliche
+ Datei](../src/Simulation.java) nicht überschreiben müssen).
+- [Aufgabe4Test](../src/Aufgabe4Test.java) ist eine vorgegebene Klasse, die Sie zum Testen Ihrer
+Implementierung verwenden sollten. Bei einer fehlerfreien Implementierung sollten bei der
+Ausführung dieser Klasse keine Exceptions geworfen werden und alle Tests als erfolgreich ("successful") 
+ausgegeben werden. Entfernen Sie die Kommentarzeichen, um diese Klasse verwenden zu können. Sie 
+müssen diese Klasse nicht weiter verändern, können aber eigene Testfälle hinzufügen.
+
+## Aufgaben
+
+Ihre Aufgaben sind folgende:
+
+**1. Implementierung von `CosmicSystem` in `NamedBodyForcePair`:**
+ Fügen Sie in der Klasse `Body` eine öffentliche Methode `massCenter()` hinzu, die die
+ Position des Himmelskörpers liefert.
+ Definieren Sie die Klasse `NamedBodyForcePair` so, dass sie das Interface `CosmicSystem` 
+ implementiert. Die Methoden `getMass()` und `getMassCenter()` geben lediglich die Masse bzw.
+ Position des Himmelskörpers zurück.
+
+**2. Implementierung von `CosmicSystem` in `HierarchicalSystem`:**
+
+ Definieren Sie die Klasse `HierarchicalSystem` so, dass sie das Interface `CosmicSystem` implementiert.
+ Die Klasse repräsentiert ein hierarchisch aufgebautes kosmisches System von Himmelskörpern.
+ Ein solches System besteht aus einem zentralen Himmelskörper und beliebig vielen weiteren
+ kosmischen Systemen, die sich im Orbit um diesen zentralen Himmelskörper befinden. Neben der
+ Spezifikationen in `CosmicSystem` beachten Sie bitte folgende spezielle Anforderungen und Hinweise
+ für die Implementierung:
+
+- `toString()`: diese Methode soll eine textuelle Beschreibung der Hierarchie von Himmelskörpern
+und Subsystemen liefern. Dafür wird der Namen des zentralen Himmelskörpers eines Systems
+gefolgt von den Objekten im Orbit jeweils in {}-Klammern repräsentiert. Beispiel:
+
+    `"Sun {Mercury, Venus, Earth {Moon} , Mars {Deimos, Phobos} , Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, Ceres}"`
+
+- `numberOfBodies()`: diese Methode liefert die Gesamtanzahl aller Himmelskörper (nicht Systeme)
+im System bzw. Himmelskörper, das heißt alle Objekte vom Typ `NamedBodyForcePair`. Das oben genannte
+Beispiel-System besteht z.B. aus 12 Himmelskörpern, das Mars-System im Orbit der Sonne jedoch nur
+aus 3.
+
+- `getMass()`: diese Methode liefert die Summe der Massen aller Himmelskörper im System.
+
+- `getMassCenter()`: diese Methode liefert den Schwerpunkt aller Himmelskörper im System. Dieser
+entspricht dem mit den Massen gewichteten Mittelwert aller Positionen, es müssen daher alle Positionen
+mit der jeweiligen Masse multipliziert und aufsummiert werden und das Resultat durch die Summe aller
+Massen dividiert werden. Nutzen Sie dafür die bereits implementierten Rechenoperationen in `Vector3`.
+
+- `addForceFrom(Body b)` aktualisiert für jedes `NamedBodyForcePair`-Objekt in `this` die Kraft,
+indem die von `b` auf das `NamedBodyForcePair`-Objekt ausgeübte Kraft zur Kraft hinzuaddiert wird.
+
+- `addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs)` aktualisiert für jedes `NamedBodyForcePair`-Objekt in `cs` die
+Kraft, indem alle Kräfte die von Körpern aus `this` auf das `NamedBodyForcePair`-Objekt
+ausgeübt werden, zur Kraft im Objekt hinzuaddiert werden. Beispiel: Die
+Anweisung `cs.addForce(cs)` aktualisiert alle wechselseitigen im System `cs` wirkenden Kräfte.
+
+- `update()` führt auf Basis der gespeicherten Kräfte alle Bewegungen im System `this` durch und 
+setzt danach alle Kräfte wieder auf den null-Vektor zurück.
+
+- `getBodies()` liefert eine Liste (Typ: `BodyLinkedList`) mit allen Himmelskörpern aus `this`.
+
+**3. Implementierung von `Simulation4`:**
+
+Implementieren Sie die Simulationsschleife unter Verwendung eines Objekts vom Typ 
+`HierachicalSystem`. Alle Berechnungen sollen mittels Methoden von `CosmicSystem` durchgeführt
+werden.
+
+### Hinweise: ###
+
+- Nutzen Sie für die Implementierung dieser Methoden Rekursion sowie das Konzept des _dynamischen Bindens_.
+Da `NamedBodyForcePair` und `HierarchicalSystem` Untertypen von `CosmicSystem` sind, haben sie
+jeweils eine eigene Implementierung der in `CosmicSystem` definierten Methoden und es wird zur
+Laufzeit entschieden, von welchem dynamischen Typ ein Objekt ist und welche Methode somit ausgeführt
+wird. Sie dürfen hier keine Typumwandlungen (Casts) und auch nicht die Methoden `getClass()` und
+`instanceOf()` verwenden.
+
+- Es ist möglich, aber nicht verlangt, `addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs)` ohne Verwendung von
+`getBodies()` zu implementieren. Dazu kann in `addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs)` der Zugriff auf
+die einzelnen Körper in `cs` dadurch erreicht werden, dass `this` für alle seine Himmelskörper
+und Untersysteme `addForceTo(cs)` aufruft. Wird beim rekursiven Abstieg ein einzelner Himmelskörper
+erreicht (Blattknoten) ruft dieser `cs.addForceFrom(this)` auf.
+
+- Achten Sie bei der Berechnung der Kräfte in `addForceFrom(Body b)` darauf, dass die Kraft nicht 
+verändert wird, wenn `this` und `b` derselbe Himmelskörper sind.
+
+#### _Punkteaufteilung_
+
+- Implementierung von `CosmicSystem` in `NamedBodyForcePair`: 1.5 Punkte
+- Implementierung von `CosmicSystem` in `HierarchicalSystem`: 2.5 Punkte
+- Implementierung von `Simulation4`: 1 Punkte
+
+- Gesamt: 5 Punkte

angabe/Aufgabenblatt5.md

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Aufgabenblatt 5
+
+## Allgemeine Anmerkungen
+
+Ihre Lösung für dieses Aufgabenblatt ist bis Montag, 9.5. 11h durch `git commit` und `git push`
+abzugeben. Mit der Angabe werden die Dateien `Massive.java`, `NamedBody.java`, `MassiveLinkedList.java`,
+`MassiveForceHashMap.java`, `Simulation5.java` und `Aufgabe5Test.java` mitgeliefert.
+
+Wenn Sie zusätzlich zu den gefragten Klassen weitere Klassen definieren, achten Sie darauf, dass
+die Klassennamen mit `My` beginnen, um Konflikte mit späteren Aufgabenblättern zu vermeiden.
+
+## Ziel
+
+Ziel der Aufgabe ist die Anwendung der Konzepte: Gleichheit und Hash-Werte, Hash-Tabelle
+(siehe Skriptum Seite 85-91).
+
+## Beschreibung der gegebenen Dateien
+
+- [Massive](../src/Massive.java) ist ein Interface, das Himmelskörper (als kohärente Massen)
+beschreibt. `Massive` ist der gemeinsame Obertyp für verschiedene Klassen von Himmelkörpern. Die
+meisten spezifizierten Methoden sind mit einer `default`-Implementierung definiert. Dieser
+Programmcode wird ausgeführt, falls die entsprechende Klasse (`Body` oder `NamedBody`) über keine
+eigene Definition der Methode verfügt. Verändern Sie diese Datei bitte nicht.
+- [NamedBody](../src/NamedBody.java) ist das Gerüst einer Klassendefinition. Die Klasse
+repräsentiert Himmelskörper, die einen Namen haben.
+- [MassiveLinkedList](../src/MassiveLinkedList.java) ist das Gerüst für eine Implementierung einer
+verketteten Liste von `Massive`-Objekten. Die Liste unterscheidet sich von `BodyLinkedList`
+dadurch, dass der Elementtyp statt `Body` der Obertyp `Massive` ist.
+- [MassiveForceHashMap](../src/MassiveForceHashMap.java) ist das Gerüst für eine Implementierung
+einer assoziativen Datenstruktur, die ein `Massive`-Objekt mit der auf das Objekt wirkenden Kraft
+assoziiert.
+- [Simulation5](../src/Simulation5.java) ist ein Gerüst für eine ausführbare Klasse. Hier soll
+die Simulation analog zur Klasse `Simulation` implementiert werden (damit Sie Ihre [ursprüngliche
+ Datei](../src/Simulation.java) nicht überschreiben müssen).
+- [Aufgabe5Test](../src/Aufgabe5Test.java) ist eine vorgegebene Klasse, die Sie zum Testen Ihrer
+Implementierung verwenden sollten. Bei einer fehlerfreien Implementierung sollten bei der
+Ausführung dieser Klasse keine Exceptions geworfen werden und alle Tests als erfolgreich ("successful")
+ausgegeben werden. Entfernen Sie die Kommentarzeichen, um diese Klasse verwenden zu können. Sie
+müssen diese Klasse nicht weiter verändern, können aber eigene Testfälle hinzufügen.
+
+## Aufgaben
+
+Ihre Aufgaben sind folgende:
+
+**1. Implementieren Sie `Massive` in den Klassen `Body` und `NamedBody`.**
+
+ Passen Sie die bestehende Definition von `Body` so an, dass die Klasse `Massive` implementiert wird.
+ Vervollständigen Sie auch `NamedBody` so, dass sie `Massive` implementiert und die vorgegebene
+ Spezifikationen der Methoden erfüllt.
+
+**2. Überschreiben von `equals` und `hashCode` in `NamedBody`:**
+
+ Überschreiben Sie in `NamedBody` die Methoden `equals` und `hashCode` gemäß der dort angeführten
+ Spezifikation. Achten Sie bei der Implementierung darauf, dass die in der Klasse `Object`
+ beschriebenen Bedingungen für `equals` und `hashCode` eingehalten werden. `equals` und `hashCode`
+ müssen zusammen passen.
+
+**3. Vervollständigen von `MassiveLinkedList`:**
+
+ Definieren Sie `MassiveLinkedList`. Die Klasse ist wie `BodyLinkedList` aufgebaut, mit dem
+ Unterschied, dass der Elementtyp statt `Body` nun der Typ `Massive` ist. Die Methode `indexOf` 
+ vergleicht Objekte mittels `equals`.
+
+**4. Implementierung von `MassiveForceHashMap`:**
+
+ Vervollständigen Sie die Definition der Klasse `MassiveForceHashMap`, die eine Hash-Tabelle
+ mit Schlüssel vom Typ `Massive` und Wert vom Typ `Vector3` implementiert. Die Klasse ist ähnlich
+ zur Klasse `BodyForceTreeMap`. Die Unterschiede sind:
+ - Der Typ des Schlüssels ist der gemeinsame Obertyp von `Body` und `NamedBody` (`Massive`).
+   Dadurch lassen sich Objekte beider Klassen gemeinsam in der Hash-Tabelle speichern.
+ - Die Schlüssel-Werte-Paare sind nicht nach Masse sortiert. Stattdessen wird der Hash-Wert zur
+   Suche benutzt.
+ - Es gibt eine zusätzliche Methode `keyList()`. Die Methoden `equals` und `hashCode` werden
+   redefiniert.
+
+**5. Implementierung von `Simulation5`:**
+
+ Implementieren Sie die Simulationsschleife unter Verwendung eines Objekts vom Typ
+ `MassiveForceHashMap`. Die Methode `keyList()` hilft beim Iterieren der Hash-Tabelle.
+ Kollisionen von Himmelskörpern müssen in dieser Simulation nicht berücksichtigt werden.
+
+### Hinweise:
+
+- Verwenden Sie bei der Implementierung von `MassiveForceHashMap` eine geeignete Kollisionsbehandlung
+  für gleiche Hash-Werte. Als Vorlage können Sie den Beispielcode aus dem Skriptum nutzen.
+
+### Denkanstöße (ohne Bewertung)
+
+1. Wie könnte man vorgehen, wenn man - wie in früheren Simulationen - Himmelskörper im Fall von
+   Kollisionen verschmelzen will?
+2. Was ändert sich am Verhalten von `MassiveForceHashMap`, wenn man in `Body` die Methoden
+   `equals` und `hashCode` überschreiben würde?
+
+#### _Punkteaufteilung_
+
+- Implementierung von `Massive` in `NamedBody`: 1 Punkt
+- Implementierung von `Massive` in `Body`: 0.5 Punkt
+- Implementierung von `MassiveForceHashMap`: 2 Punkte
+- Implementierung von `MassiveLinkedList`: 0.5 Punkte
+- Implementierung von `Simulation5`: 1 Punkte
+ 
+- Gesamt: 5 Punkte

src/Aufgabe1Test.java

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
 public class Aufgabe1Test {
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    @Test
-        //test classes Body and Vector3
+    public void testEP2() {
-
         // create two bodies
-        Body sun = new Body(1.989e30,new Vector3(0,0,0),new Vector3(0,0,0));
+        Body sun = new Body(SolSystem.SUN);
-        Body earth = new Body(5.972e24,new Vector3(-1.394555e11,5.103346e10,0),new Vector3(-10308.53,-28169.38,0));
+        Body earth = new Body(SolSystem.EARTH);
 
-        testValue(earth.distanceTo(sun), 1.4850000175024106E11);
+        assertEquals(1.4850000175024106E11, earth.distanceTo(sun));
-        testValue(sun.distanceTo(earth), 1.4850000175024106E11);
+        assertEquals(1.4850000175024106E11, sun.distanceTo(earth));
 
         for (int i = 0; i < 3600 * 24; i++) {
             Vector3 f1 = earth.gravitationalForce(sun);
@@ -20,36 +22,9 @@ public class Aufgabe1Test {
         }
 
         // a dummy body to check the correct position after 24h of movement
-        Body targetPositionEarth = new Body(1, new Vector3(-1.403250141841815E11,
+        Body targetPositionEarth = new Body(1, new Vector3(-1.403250141841815E11, 4.859202658875631E10, 0.0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
-                4.859202658875631E10, 0.0), new Vector3(0,0,0));
 
         // check distance to target position (should be zero)
-        testValue(earth.distanceTo(targetPositionEarth), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, earth.distanceTo(targetPositionEarth));
-    }
-
-    public static void testComparison(Object first, Object second, boolean expected) {
-        boolean real = first == second;
-
-        if (real == expected) {
-            System.out.println("Successful comparison");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Comparison NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + real);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(Object given, Object expected) {
-        if (given == expected) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(double given, double expected) {
-        if (given < expected + (expected+1)/1e12 && given > expected - (expected+1)/1e12) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
     }
 }

src/Aufgabe2Test.java

@@ -1,78 +1,51 @@
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
 public class Aufgabe2Test {
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    @Test
-        //test classes BodyQueue and BodyForceMap
+    public void testEP2() {
-
         // create three bodies
-        Body sun = new Body(1.989e30,new Vector3(0,0,0),new Vector3(0,0,0));
+        Body sun = new Body(SolSystem.SUN);
-        Body earth = new Body(5.972e24,new Vector3(-1.394555e11,5.103346e10,0),new Vector3(-10308.53,-28169.38,0));
+        Body earth = new Body(SolSystem.EARTH);
-        Body mercury = new Body(3.301e23,new Vector3(-5.439054e10,9.394878e9,0),new Vector3(-17117.83,-46297.48,-1925.57));
+        Body mercury = new Body(SolSystem.MERCURY);
-
 
         // check basic functions of 'BodyQueue'
-        System.out.println("Test1:");
-
         BodyQueue bq = new BodyQueue(2);
         bq.add(mercury);
         bq.add(sun);
         bq.add(earth);
-        testValue(bq.size(), 3);
+        assertEquals(3, bq.size());
 
-        testValue(bq.poll(), mercury);
+        assertEquals(mercury, bq.poll());
-        testValue(bq.poll(), sun);
+        assertEquals(sun, bq.poll());
-        testValue(bq.poll(), earth);
+        assertEquals(earth, bq.poll());
 
-        testValue(bq.size(), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bq.size());
 
         bq.add(mercury);
         bq.add(sun);
-        testValue(bq.size(), 2);
+        assertEquals(2, bq.size());
 
         // check constructor of 'BodyQueue'
         BodyQueue bqCopy = new BodyQueue(bq);
-        testComparison(bq, bqCopy, false);
+        assertNotEquals(bq, bqCopy);
-        testComparison(bq.poll(), bqCopy.poll(), true);
+        assertEquals(bqCopy.poll(), bq.poll());
         bq.add(earth);
-        testValue(bq.size(), 2);
+        assertEquals(2, bq.size());
-        testValue(bqCopy.size(), 1);
+        assertEquals(1, bqCopy.size());
 
         // check basic functions of 'BodyForceMap'
-        System.out.println("Test2:");
         BodyForceMap bfm = new BodyForceMap(5);
         bfm.put(earth, earth.gravitationalForce(sun));
         bfm.put(sun, sun.gravitationalForce(earth));
 
-        testValue(bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)),0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)));
-        testValue(bfm.get(sun).distanceTo(sun.gravitationalForce(earth)),0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(sun).distanceTo(sun.gravitationalForce(earth)));
 
         bfm.put(earth, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
-        testValue(bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(new Vector3(0,0,0)), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(new Vector3(0, 0, 0)));
-        testValue(bfm.get(mercury),null);
+        assertNull(bfm.get(mercury));
-    }
-
-    public static void testComparison(Object first, Object second, boolean expected) {
-        boolean real = first == second;
-
-        if (real == expected) {
-            System.out.println("Successful comparison");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Comparison NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + real);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(Object given, Object expected) {
-        if (given == expected) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(double given, double expected) {
-        if (given < expected + (expected+1)/1e12 && given > expected - (expected+1)/1e12) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
     }
 }

src/Aufgabe3Test.java

@@ -1,72 +1,67 @@
-import java.util.Objects;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
 public class Aufgabe3Test {
 
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    @Test
-        //test classes BodyLinkedList and BodyForceTreeMap
+    public void testEP2() {
-
         // create five bodies
-        Body sun = new Body(1.989e30, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        Body sun = new Body(SolSystem.SUN);
-        Body earth = new Body(5.972e24, new Vector3(-1.394555e11, 5.103346e10, 0), new Vector3(-10308.53, -28169.38, 0));
+        Body earth = new Body(SolSystem.EARTH);
-        Body mercury = new Body(3.301e23, new Vector3(-5.439054e10, 9.394878e9, 0), new Vector3(-17117.83, -46297.48, -1925.57));
+        Body mercury = new Body(SolSystem.MERCURY);
-        Body venus = new Body(4.86747e24, new Vector3(-1.707667e10, 1.066132e11, 2.450232e9), new Vector3(-34446.02, -5567.47, 2181.10));
+        Body venus = new Body(SolSystem.VENUS);
-        Body mars = new Body(6.41712e23, new Vector3(-1.010178e11, -2.043939e11, -1.591727E9), new Vector3(20651.98, -10186.67, -2302.79));
+        Body mars = new Body(SolSystem.MARS);
 
         // check basic functions of 'BodyLinkedList'
-        System.out.println("Test1:");
-
         BodyLinkedList bl = new BodyLinkedList();
 
         bl.addLast(mercury);
         bl.addLast(sun);
         bl.addLast(earth);
-        testValue(bl.size(), 3);
+        assertEquals(3, bl.size());
 
-        testValue(bl.getFirst(), mercury);
+        assertEquals(mercury, bl.getFirst());
-        testValue(bl.getLast(), earth);
+        assertEquals(earth, bl.getLast());
 
-        testValue(bl.get(0), mercury);
+        assertEquals(mercury, bl.get(0));
-        testValue(bl.get(1), sun);
+        assertEquals(sun, bl.get(1));
-        testValue(bl.get(2), earth);
+        assertEquals(earth, bl.get(2));
 
-        System.out.println("Test2:");
+        assertEquals(2, bl.indexOf(earth));
-        testValue(bl.indexOf(earth), 2);
+        assertEquals(1, bl.indexOf(sun));
-        testValue(bl.indexOf(sun), 1);
+        assertEquals(0, bl.indexOf(mercury));
-        testValue(bl.indexOf(mercury), 0);
 
-        System.out.println("Test3:");
+        assertEquals(mercury, bl.pollFirst());
-        testValue(bl.pollFirst(), mercury);
+        assertEquals(earth, bl.pollLast());
-        testValue(bl.pollLast(), earth);
+        assertEquals(sun, bl.pollFirst());
-        testValue(bl.pollFirst(), sun);
 
-        testValue(bl.size(), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bl.size());
-        testValue(bl.getFirst(), null);
+        assertNull(bl.getFirst());
 
-        System.out.println("Test4:");
         bl.addFirst(earth);
         bl.addFirst(venus);
         bl.addFirst(sun);
         bl.add(1, mercury);
         bl.add(4, mars);
 
-        testValue(bl.size(), 5);
+        assertEquals(5, bl.size());
 
-        testValue(bl.get(0), sun);
+        assertEquals(sun, bl.get(0));
-        testValue(bl.get(1), mercury);
+        assertEquals(mercury, bl.get(1));
-        testValue(bl.get(2), venus);
+        assertEquals(venus, bl.get(2));
-        testValue(bl.get(3), earth);
+        assertEquals(earth, bl.get(3));
-        testValue(bl.get(4), mars);
+        assertEquals(mars, bl.get(4));
 
         // check constructor of 'BodyLinkedList'
         BodyLinkedList blCopy = new BodyLinkedList(bl);
-        testComparison(bl, blCopy, false);
+        assertNotEquals(bl, blCopy);
-        testComparison(bl.pollFirst(), blCopy.pollFirst(), true);
+        assertEquals(blCopy.pollFirst(), bl.pollFirst());
         bl.addFirst(sun);
-        testValue(bl.size(), 5);
+        assertEquals(5, bl.size());
-        testValue(blCopy.size(), 4);
+        assertEquals(4, blCopy.size());
 
         // check basic functions of 'BodyForceTreeMap'
-        System.out.println("Test5:");
         BodyForceTreeMap bfm = new BodyForceTreeMap();
         bfm.put(earth, earth.gravitationalForce(sun));
         bfm.put(sun, sun.gravitationalForce(earth).plus(sun.gravitationalForce(venus)));
@@ -74,37 +69,11 @@ public class Aufgabe3Test {
         bfm.put(mars, mars.gravitationalForce(sun));
         bfm.put(mercury, mercury.gravitationalForce(sun));
 
-        testValue(bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(earth).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)));
-        testValue(bfm.get(sun).distanceTo(sun.gravitationalForce(earth).plus(sun.gravitationalForce(venus))), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(sun).distanceTo(sun.gravitationalForce(earth).plus(sun.gravitationalForce(venus))));
 
-        testValue(bfm.put(earth, new Vector3(0, 0, 0)).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.put(earth, new Vector3(0, 0, 0)).distanceTo(earth.gravitationalForce(sun)));
-        testValue(bfm.get(mercury).distanceTo(mercury.gravitationalForce(sun)), 0);
+        assertEquals(0, bfm.get(mercury).distanceTo(mercury.gravitationalForce(sun)));
-        testValue(bfm.get(mercury), mercury.gravitationalForce(sun));
+        assertEquals(mercury.gravitationalForce(sun), bfm.get(mercury));
-    }
-
-    public static void testComparison(Object first, Object second, boolean expected) {
-        boolean real = first == second;
-
-        if (real == expected) {
-            System.out.println("Successful comparison");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Comparison NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + real);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(Object given, Object expected) {
-        if (Objects.equals(given, expected)) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void testValue(double given, double expected) {
-        if (given < expected + (expected + 1) / 1e12 && given > expected - (expected + 1) / 1e12) {
-            System.out.println("Successful test");
-        } else {
-            System.out.println("Test NOT successful! Expected value: " + expected + " / Given value: " + given);
-        }
     }
 }

src/Aufgabe4Test.java

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+public class Aufgabe4Test {
+
+    private NamedBodyForcePair sun2, mercury2, venus2, earth2, moon2, mars2, deimos2, phobos2, vesta2, pallas2, hygiea2, ceres2;
+
+    public void resetBodies() {
+        sun2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.SUN_NAMED);
+        earth2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.EARTH_NAMED);
+        moon2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MOON_NAMED);
+        mars2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MARS_NAMED);
+        deimos2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.DEIMOS_NAMED);
+        phobos2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.PHOBOS_NAMED);
+        mercury2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MERCURY_NAMED);
+        venus2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.VENUS_NAMED);
+        vesta2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.VESTA_NAMED);
+        pallas2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.PALLAS_NAMED);
+        hygiea2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.HYGIEA_NAMED);
+        ceres2 = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.CERES_NAMED);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEP2() {
+        //test classes HierarchicalSystem and NamedBodyForcePair
+
+        Body sun1 = new Body(SolSystem4.SUN);
+        Body earth1 = new Body(SolSystem4.EARTH);
+        Body moon1 = new Body(SolSystem4.MOON);
+        Body mars1 = new Body(SolSystem4.MARS);
+        Body deimos1 = new Body(SolSystem4.DEIMOS);
+        Body phobos1 = new Body(SolSystem4.PHOBOS);
+        Body mercury1 = new Body(SolSystem4.MERCURY);
+        Body venus1 = new Body(SolSystem4.VENUS);
+        Body vesta1 = new Body(SolSystem4.VESTA);
+        Body pallas1 = new Body(SolSystem4.PALLAS);
+        Body hygiea1 = new Body(SolSystem4.HYGIEA);
+        Body ceres1 = new Body(SolSystem4.CERES);
+
+        Body[] bodies = new Body[]{sun1, mercury1, venus1, earth1, moon1, mars1, deimos1, phobos1, vesta1, pallas1, hygiea1, ceres1};
+        Vector3[] forceOnBody = new Vector3[bodies.length];
+        resetBodies();
+        NamedBodyForcePair[] pairs = new NamedBodyForcePair[]{sun2, mercury2, venus2, earth2, moon2, mars2, deimos2, phobos2, vesta2, pallas2, hygiea2, ceres2};
+
+        // check basic functions of 'HierarchicalSystem'
+        CosmicSystem earthSystem = new HierarchicalSystem(earth2, moon2);
+        CosmicSystem marsSystem = new HierarchicalSystem(mars2, deimos2, phobos2);
+        CosmicSystem solarSystem = new HierarchicalSystem(sun2, mercury2, venus2, earthSystem, marsSystem, vesta2, pallas2, hygiea2, ceres2);
+
+        assertEquals(2, earthSystem.numberOfBodies());
+        assertEquals(12, solarSystem.numberOfBodies());
+
+        System.out.println(solarSystem);
+        assertTrue(solarSystem.toString().contains("Mars"));
+        assertTrue(solarSystem.toString().contains("Deimos"));
+        assertTrue(solarSystem.toString().contains("Moon"));
+        assertTrue(earthSystem.toString().contains("Moon"));
+        assertTrue(earthSystem.toString().contains("Earth"));
+
+        assertEquals(1.9890118865556799E30, solarSystem.getMass());
+
+        BodyLinkedList bl = solarSystem.getBodies();
+        assertEquals(12, bl.size());
+        HashSet<Body> set = new HashSet<>();
+        while (bl.size() > 0) {
+            set.add(bl.pollFirst());
+        }
+        assertEquals(12, set.size());
+
+        for (int seconds = 0; seconds < 50000; seconds++) {
+            // for each body (with index i): compute the total force exerted on it.
+            for (int i = 0; i < bodies.length; i++) {
+                forceOnBody[i] = new Vector3(0, 0, 0); // begin with zero
+                for (int j = 0; j < bodies.length; j++) {
+                    if (i != j) {
+                        pairs[i].addForceTo(pairs[j]);
+                        Vector3 forceToAdd = bodies[i].gravitationalForce(bodies[j]);
+                        forceOnBody[i] = forceOnBody[i].plus(forceToAdd);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // now forceOnBody[i] holds the force vector exerted on body with index i.
+
+            // for each body (with index i): move it according to the total force exerted on it.
+            for (int i = 0; i < bodies.length; i++) {
+                bodies[i].move(forceOnBody[i]);
+                pairs[i].update();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < bodies.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(0, bodies[i].massCenter().distanceTo(pairs[i].getMassCenter()));
+        }
+
+        resetBodies();
+        pairs = new NamedBodyForcePair[]{sun2, mercury2, venus2, earth2, moon2, mars2, deimos2, phobos2, vesta2, pallas2, hygiea2, ceres2};
+        HierarchicalSystem hs = new HierarchicalSystem(sun2, mercury2, venus2, new HierarchicalSystem(earth2, moon2), new HierarchicalSystem(mars2, deimos2, phobos2), vesta2, pallas2, hygiea2, ceres2);
+
+        for (int seconds = 0; seconds < 50000; seconds++) {
+            hs.addForceTo(hs);
+            hs.update();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < bodies.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(0, bodies[i].massCenter().distanceTo(pairs[i].getMassCenter()));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Aufgabe5Test.java

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+public class Aufgabe5Test {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEP2() {
+        //test classes NamedBody and MassiveForceHashMap
+
+        // create 12 named bodies
+        NamedBody sun1, mercury1, venus1, earth1, moon1, mars1, deimos1, phobos1, vesta1, pallas1, hygiea1, ceres1;
+
+        // create a nameless body
+        Body earth2 = new Body(SolSystem4.EARTH);
+
+        // create the same 12 named body-force pairs
+        sun1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.SUN_NAMED);
+        earth1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.EARTH_NAMED);
+        moon1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MOON_NAMED);
+        mars1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MARS_NAMED);
+        deimos1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.DEIMOS_NAMED);
+        phobos1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.PHOBOS_NAMED);
+        mercury1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MERCURY_NAMED);
+        venus1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.VENUS_NAMED);
+        vesta1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.VESTA_NAMED);
+        pallas1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.PALLAS_NAMED);
+        hygiea1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.HYGIEA_NAMED);
+        ceres1 = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.CERES_NAMED);
+
+        NamedBody sun2 = new NamedBody("Sun", 1.9895E30, new Vector3(0.1, 0.0, 0.0), new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        NamedBody earth3 = new NamedBody("Earth", 1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        assertEquals(sun1, sun2);
+        assertEquals(sun2.hashCode(), sun1.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(earth1, earth3);
+        assertEquals(earth3.hashCode(), earth1.hashCode());
+
+        // check basic functions of 'MassiveForceHashMap'
+        MassiveForceHashMap map = new MassiveForceHashMap();
+        map.put(sun1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(mercury1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(venus1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(earth1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(moon1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(mars1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(deimos1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(phobos1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(vesta1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(pallas1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(hygiea1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(ceres1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+        map.put(mars1, new Vector3(0, 0, 0)); // inserted twice
+        assertEquals(12, map.keyList().size());
+
+        assertTrue(map.toString().contains("Mars"));
+        assertTrue(map.toString().contains("Deimos"));
+        assertTrue(map.toString().contains("Moon"));
+        assertTrue(map.toString().contains("Earth"));
+
+        MassiveLinkedList bl = map.keyList();
+        boolean allThere = true;
+        while (bl.size() > 0) {
+            allThere &= map.containsKey(bl.pollFirst());
+        }
+        assertTrue(allThere);
+        assertFalse(map.containsKey(new Body(0, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0))));
+        assertFalse(map.containsKey(new NamedBody("Omuamua", 0, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0))));
+
+        int hashCode1 = map.hashCode();
+
+        Vector3 f = new Vector3(5, 5, 5);
+        map.put(earth3, f);
+        assertEquals(f, map.get(earth1));
+        assertNull(map.get(earth2));
+
+        int hashCode2 = map.hashCode();
+        assertEquals(map, map);
+        assertEquals(hashCode2, map.hashCode());
+        assertNotEquals(hashCode1, hashCode2);
+    }
+}

src/Body.java

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import codedraw.CodeDraw;
 /**
  * This class represents celestial bodies like stars, planets, asteroids, etc...
  */
-public class Body {
+public class Body implements Massive {
-    private double mass;
+    private final double mass;
     private Vector3 massCenter; // position of the mass center.
     private Vector3 currentMovement;
 
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ public class Body {
         this.currentMovement = currentMovement;
     }
 
+    public Body(Body other) {
+        this.mass = other.mass;
+        this.massCenter = new Vector3(other.massCenter);
+        this.currentMovement = new Vector3(other.currentMovement);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the distance between the mass centers of this body and the specified body 'b'.
      */
@@ -29,8 +35,10 @@ public class Body {
      * Hint: see simulation loop in Simulation.java to find out how this is done.
      */
     public Vector3 gravitationalForce(Body b) {
+        if (b == this) return new Vector3();
         Vector3 direction = b.massCenter.minus(massCenter);
         double distance = direction.length();
+        if (distance == 0) return new Vector3();
         direction.normalize();
         double force = Simulation.G * mass * b.mass / (distance * distance);
         return direction.times(force);
@@ -70,6 +78,10 @@ public class Body {
         return mass;
     }
 
+    public Vector3 massCenter() {
+        return massCenter;
+    }
+
     public boolean collidesWith(Body body) {
         return this.distanceTo(body) < this.radius() + body.radius();
     }
@@ -104,6 +116,7 @@ public class Body {
      * mass, position (mass center) and current movement. Example:
      * "5.972E24 kg, position: [1.48E11,0.0,0.0] m, movement: [0.0,29290.0,0.0] m/s."
      */
+    @Override
     public String toString() {
         return String.format(
                 "%g kg, position: %s m, movement: %s m/s.",

src/BodyForceTreeMap.java

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  */
 public class BodyForceTreeMap {
     private int size = 0;
-    private BodyForceTreeMapItem root = null;
+    private Item root = null;
 
     /**
      * Adds a new key-value association to this map. If the key already exists in this map,
@@ -13,30 +13,30 @@ public class BodyForceTreeMap {
      */
     public Vector3 put(Body key, Vector3 value) {
         if (root == null) {
-            root = new BodyForceTreeMapItem(key, value);
+            root = new Item(key, value);
             size++;
             return null;
         }
 
-        BodyForceTreeMapItem item = root;
+        Item item = root;
         while (item != null) {
-            if (item.key() == key) {
+            if (item.key == key) {
-                Vector3 old = item.value();
+                Vector3 old = item.value;
-                item.setValue(value);
+                item.value = value;
                 return old;
-            } else if (item.key().mass() > key.mass()) {
+            } else if (item.key.mass() > key.mass()) {
-                if (item.left() != null) {
+                if (item.left != null) {
-                    item = item.left();
+                    item = item.left;
                 } else {
-                    item.setLeft(new BodyForceTreeMapItem(key, value));
+                    item.setLeft(new Item(key, value));
                     size++;
                     break;
                 }
             } else {
-                if (item.right() != null) {
+                if (item.right != null) {
-                    item = item.right();
+                    item = item.right;
                 } else{
-                    item.setRight(new BodyForceTreeMapItem(key, value));
+                    item.setRight(new Item(key, value));
                     size++;
                     break;
                 }
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ public class BodyForceTreeMap {
      * Precondition: key != null.
      */
     public Vector3 get(Body key) {
-        BodyForceTreeMapItem item = root;
+        Item item = root;
         while (item != null) {
-            if (item.key() == key) {
+            if (item.key == key) {
-                return item.value();
+                return item.value;
-            } else if (item.key().mass() > key.mass()) {
+            } else if (item.key.mass() > key.mass()) {
-                item = item.left();
+                item = item.left;
             } else {
-                item = item.right();
+                item = item.right;
             }
         }
         return null;
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ public class BodyForceTreeMap {
      * Returns 'true' if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
      */
     public boolean containsKey(Body key) {
-        BodyForceTreeMapItem item = root;
+        Item item = root;
         while (item != null) {
-            if (item.key() == key) {
+            if (item.key == key) {
                 return true;
-            } else if (item.key().mass() > key.mass()) {
+            } else if (item.key.mass() > key.mass()) {
-                item = item.left();
+                item = item.left;
             } else {
-                item = item.right();
+                item = item.right;
             }
         }
         return false;
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ public class BodyForceTreeMap {
         return this.size;
     }
 
-    private String toString(BodyForceTreeMapItem item) {
+    private String toString(Item item) {
         String s = "";
         if (item == null) {
             return s;
         }
-        s += this.toString(item.right());
+        s += this.toString(item.right);
-        s += String.format("{%s: %s}\n", item.key(), item.value());
+        s += String.format("{%s: %s}\n", item.key, item.value);
-        s += this.toString(item.left());
+        s += this.toString(item.left);
         return s;
     }
 
@@ -101,7 +101,31 @@ public class BodyForceTreeMap {
      * Returns a readable representation of this map, in which key-value pairs are ordered
      * descending according to the mass of the bodies.
      */
+    @Override
     public String toString() {
         return toString(root);
     }
+
+    private class Item {
+        private final Body key;
+        private Vector3 value;
+        private Item parent;
+        private Item left;
+        private Item right;
+
+        public Item(Body key, Vector3 value) {
+            this.key = key;
+            this.value = value;
+        }
+
+        public void setLeft(Item left) {
+            this.left = left;
+            if (left != null) left.parent = this;
+        }
+
+        public void setRight(Item right) {
+            this.right = right;
+            if (right != null) right.parent = this;
+        }
+    }
 }

src/BodyForceTreeMapItem.java

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-class BodyForceTreeMapItem {
-    private final Body key;
-    private Vector3 value;
-    private BodyForceTreeMapItem parent;
-    private BodyForceTreeMapItem left;
-    private BodyForceTreeMapItem right;
-
-    public BodyForceTreeMapItem(Body key, Vector3 value) {
-        this.key = key;
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    public Body key() {
-        return this.key;
-    }
-
-    public void setValue(Vector3 value) {
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    public Vector3 value() {
-        return this.value;
-    }
-
-    public BodyForceTreeMapItem left() {
-        return this.left;
-    }
-
-    public BodyForceTreeMapItem right() {
-        return this.right;
-    }
-
-    public BodyForceTreeMapItem parent() {
-        return this.parent;
-    }
-
-    public void setLeft(BodyForceTreeMapItem left) {
-        this.left = left;
-        if (left != null) left.parent = this;
-    }
-
-    public void setRight(BodyForceTreeMapItem right) {
-        this.right = right;
-        if (right != null) right.parent = this;
-    }
-}

src/BodyLinkedList.java

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import java.util.Iterator;
  */
 public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
     private int size = 0;
-    private BodyLinkedListItem first;
+    private Item first;
-    private BodyLinkedListItem last;
+    private Item last;
 
     /**
      * Initializes 'this' as an empty list.
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      */
     public void addFirst(Body body) {
         if (first == null) {
-            first = new BodyLinkedListItem(body);
+            first = new Item(body);
             last = first;
         } else {
-            first.setPrev(new BodyLinkedListItem(body));
+            first.setPrev(new Item(body));
-            first = first.prev();
+            first = first.prev;
         }
         size++;
     }
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      */
     public void addLast(Body body) {
         if (last == null) {
-            last = new BodyLinkedListItem(body);
+            last = new Item(body);
             first = last;
         } else {
-            last.setNext(new BodyLinkedListItem(body));
+            last.setNext(new Item(body));
-            last = last.next();
+            last = last.next;
         }
         size++;
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
      */
     public Body getLast() {
-        return (last != null) ? last.body() : null;
+        return (last != null) ? last.body : null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
      */
     public Body getFirst() {
-        return (first != null) ? first.body() : null;
+        return (first != null) ? first.body : null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
         if (first == null) {
             return null;
         }
-        Body b = first.body();
+        Body b = first.body;
-        first = first.next();
+        first = first.next;
         if (first != null) first.setPrev(null);
         size--;
         return b;
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
         if (last == null) {
             return null;
         }
-        Body b = last.body();
+        Body b = last.body;
-        last = last.prev();
+        last = last.prev;
         if (last != null) last.setNext(null);
         size--;
         return b;
@@ -117,28 +117,28 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
             return;
         }
 
-        BodyLinkedListItem item = first;
+        Item item = first;
         for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-            item = item.next();
+            item = item.next;
         }
 
-        item.prev().setNext(new BodyLinkedListItem(body));
+        item.prev.setNext(new Item(body));
-        item.setPrev(item.prev().next());
+        item.setPrev(item.prev.next);
         size++;
     }
 
-    private Body removeItem(BodyLinkedListItem item) {
+    private Body removeItem(Item item) {
         if (item == first) {
-            first = item.next();
+            first = item.next;
             if (first != null) first.setPrev(null);
         } else if (item == last) {
-            last = item.prev();
+            last = item.prev;
             if (last != null) last.setNext(null);
         } else {
-            item.next().setPrev(item.prev());
+            item.next.setPrev(item.prev);
         }
         size--;
-        return item.body();
+        return item.body;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -146,19 +146,19 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      * Precondition: i >= 0 && i < size().
      */
     public Body get(int i) {
-        BodyLinkedListItem item;
+        Item item;
         if (i < size / 2) {
             item = first;
             for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                item = item.next();
+                item = item.next;
             }
         } else {
             item = last;
             for (int j = size - 1; j > i; j--) {
-                item = item.prev();
+                item = item.prev;
             }
         }
-        return item.body();
+        return item.body;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -170,12 +170,9 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
             return -1;
         }
 
-        BodyLinkedListItem item = first;
+        Item item = first;
-        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++, item = item.next) {
-            if (item.body() == body) {
+            if (item.body == body) return i;
-                return i;
-            }
-            item = item.next();
         }
 
         return -1;
@@ -187,8 +184,8 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
      */
     public BodyLinkedList removeCollidingWith(Body body) {
         BodyLinkedList removed = new BodyLinkedList();
-        for (BodyLinkedListItem item = first; item != null; item = item.next()) {
+        for (Item item = first; item != null; item = item.next) {
-            if (body != item.body() && body.collidesWith(item.body())) {
+            if (body != item.body && body.collidesWith(item.body)) {
                 removed.addLast(this.removeItem(item));
             }
         }
@@ -205,23 +202,45 @@ public class BodyLinkedList implements Iterable<Body> {
     @Override
     public Iterator<Body> iterator() {
         return new Iterator<>() {
-            BodyLinkedListItem ptr = first;
+            Item ptr = first;
             boolean yieldedFirst = false;
 
             @Override
             public boolean hasNext() {
-                return ptr != null && (!yieldedFirst || ptr.next() != null);
+                return ptr != null && (!yieldedFirst || ptr.next != null);
             }
 
             @Override
             public Body next() {
                 if (!yieldedFirst) {
                     yieldedFirst = true;
-                    return ptr.body();
+                } else {
+                    ptr = ptr.next;
                 }
-                ptr = ptr.next();
+                return ptr.body;
-                return ptr.body();
             }
         };
     }
+
+    private class Item {
+        private final Body body;
+        private Item prev;
+        private Item next;
+
+        public Item(Body body) {
+            this.body = body;
+            this.prev = null;
+            this.next = null;
+        }
+
+        public void setPrev(Item prev) {
+            this.prev = prev;
+            if (prev != null) prev.next = this;
+        }
+
+        public void setNext(Item next) {
+            this.next = next;
+            if (next != null) next.prev = this;
+        }
+    }
 }

src/BodyLinkedListItem.java

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-class BodyLinkedListItem {
-    private final Body body;
-    private BodyLinkedListItem prev;
-    private BodyLinkedListItem next;
-
-    public BodyLinkedListItem(Body body) {
-        this.body = body;
-        this.prev = null;
-        this.next = null;
-    }
-
-    public Body body() {
-        return body;
-    }
-    
-    public BodyLinkedListItem prev() {
-        return prev;
-    }
-
-    public void setPrev(BodyLinkedListItem prev) {
-        this.prev = prev;
-        if (prev != null) prev.next = this;
-    }
-
-    public BodyLinkedListItem next() {
-        return next;
-    }
-
-    public void setNext(BodyLinkedListItem next) {
-        this.next = next;
-        if (next != null) next.prev = this;
-    }
-}

src/BodyQueue.java

@@ -27,15 +27,15 @@ public class BodyQueue {
      * Initializes this queue as an independent copy of the specified queue.
      * Calling methods of this queue will not affect the specified queue
      * and vice versa.
-     * Precondition: q != null.
+     * Precondition: other != null.
      */
-    public BodyQueue(BodyQueue q) {
+    public BodyQueue(BodyQueue other) {
-        this.capacity = q.capacity;
+        this.capacity = other.capacity;
-        this.head = q.size();
+        this.head = other.size();
         this.tail = 0;
         this.queue = new Body[this.capacity];
-        for (int i = 0; i < q.size(); i++) {
+        for (int i = 0, j = other.tail; i < this.head; i++, j++) {
-            this.queue[i] = q.queue[i];
+            this.queue[i] = other.queue[j % other.capacity];
         }
     }
 
@@ -43,12 +43,11 @@ public class BodyQueue {
      * Adds the specified body 'b' to this queue.
      */
     public void add(Body b) {
+        if ((head + 1) % capacity == tail) {
+            doubleCapacity();
+        }
         queue[head] = b;
         head = (head + 1) % capacity;
-        if (head == tail) {
-            doubleCapacity();
-            head = capacity / 2;
-        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -57,6 +56,8 @@ public class BodyQueue {
      */
     public Body poll() {
         if (tail == head) {
+            tail = 0;
+            head = 0;
             return null;
         }
         Body b = queue[tail];
@@ -77,10 +78,10 @@ public class BodyQueue {
      */
     private void doubleCapacity() {
         Body[] tmp = new Body[capacity * 2];
-        for (int i = head, j = 0; i < tail + capacity; i++, j++) {
+        head = size();
-            tmp[j] = queue[i % capacity];
+        for (int i = 0, j = tail; i < head; i++, j++) {
+            tmp[i] = queue[j % capacity];
         }
-        head = capacity;
         tail = 0;
         capacity *= 2;
         queue = tmp;

src/CosmicSystem.java

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * A representation of a system of bodies with associated forces. Provides methods
+ * for computing current mutual forces, updating the positions of bodies and drawing
+ * the bodies in a CodeDraw object.
+ */
+public interface CosmicSystem extends Drawable {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a readable representation of this system.
+     */
+    String toString();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mass center of this system.
+     */
+    Vector3 getMassCenter();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the overall mass of this system.
+     */
+    double getMass();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the overall number of bodies contained in this system.
+     */
+    int numberOfBodies();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the distance between the mass centers of 'this' and the specified system.
+     * Precondition: cs != null
+     */
+    double distanceTo(CosmicSystem cs);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the force that the specified body exerts on each of this systems bodies to each of this
+     * systems bodies.
+     * Precondition: b != null
+     */
+    void addForceFrom(Body b);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the force that this system exerts on each of the bodies of 'cs' to the bodies in 'cs'.
+     * For exact computations this means that for each body of 'this' its force on each body of
+     * 'cs' is added to this body of 'cs'.
+     * Precondition: cs != null
+     */
+    void addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list with all the bodies of 'this'. The order is not defined.
+     */
+    BodyLinkedList getBodies();
+
+    /**
+     * Moves each of the bodies of 'this' according to the previously accumulated forces and
+     * resets all forces to zero.
+     */
+    void update();
+}

src/Drawable.java

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+/**
+ * An object that can be drawn in a CodeDraw canvas.
+ */
+public interface Drawable {
+
+    /**
+     * draws the object into the canvas 'cd'
+     * Precondition: cd != null
+     */
+    void draw(CodeDraw cd);
+}

src/HierarchicalSystem.java

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+/**
+ * A cosmic system that is composed of a central named body (of type 'NamedBodyForcePair')
+ * and an arbitrary number of subsystems (of type 'CosmicSystem') in its orbit.
+ * This class implements 'CosmicSystem'.
+ */
+public class HierarchicalSystem implements CosmicSystem {
+
+    private final NamedBodyForcePair central;
+    private final CosmicSystem[] orbit;
+    private final CosmicSystem[] all;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this system with a name and a central body.
+     */
+    public HierarchicalSystem(NamedBodyForcePair central, CosmicSystem... inOrbit) {
+        this.central = central;
+        this.orbit = inOrbit;
+        this.all = new CosmicSystem[this.orbit.length + 1];
+        this.all[0] = central;
+        System.arraycopy(this.orbit, 0, this.all, 1, this.orbit.length);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Vector3 getMassCenter() {
+        double mass = this.getMass();
+        Vector3 massCenter = new Vector3();
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            massCenter.add(sys.getMassCenter().times(sys.getMass() / mass));
+        }
+        return massCenter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getMass() {
+        double mass = 0;
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            mass += sys.getMass();
+        }
+        return mass;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int numberOfBodies() {
+        int num = 0;
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            num += sys.numberOfBodies();
+        }
+        return num;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double distanceTo(CosmicSystem cs) {
+        return this.getMassCenter().distanceTo(cs.getMassCenter());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addForceFrom(Body b) {
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            sys.addForceFrom(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs) {
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            sys.addForceTo(cs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BodyLinkedList getBodies() {
+        BodyLinkedList list = new BodyLinkedList();
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            for (Body b : sys.getBodies()) {
+                list.addFirst(b);
+            }
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void update() {
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            sys.update();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void draw(CodeDraw cd) {
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : all) {
+            sys.draw(cd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(central.getName());
+
+        sb.append(" {");
+        boolean first = true;
+        for (CosmicSystem sys : orbit) {
+            if (!first) sb.append(", ");
+            sb.append(sys.toString());
+            first = false;
+        }
+        sb.append("}");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}

src/Massive.java

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/**
+ * Represents a coherent mass with a mass center in 3D space. Has two naming schemes for its
+ * methods. Please, do not change this interface definition!
+ */
+public interface Massive extends Drawable {
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mass.
+     */
+    default double mass() {
+        return getMass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mass center.
+     */
+    default Vector3 massCenter() {
+        return getMassCenter();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mass.
+     */
+    default double getMass() {
+        return mass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mass center.
+     */
+    default Vector3 getMassCenter() {
+        return massCenter();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the approximate radius of 'this', assuming it is a coherent round mass.
+     * (It is assumed that the radius r is related to the mass m by r = m ^ 0.5,
+     * where m and r measured in solar units.)
+     */
+    default double getRadius() {
+        return radius();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the approximate radius of 'this', assuming it is a coherent round mass.
+     * (It is assumed that the radius r is related to the mass m by r = m ^ 0.5,
+     * where m and r measured in solar units.)
+     */
+    default double radius() {
+        return SpaceDraw.massToRadius(mass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a vector representing the gravitational force exerted by 'b' on this mass.
+     * The gravitational Force F is calculated by F = G*(m1*m2)/(r*r), with m1 and m2 being the
+     * masses of the objects interacting, r being the distance between the centers of the masses
+     * and G being the gravitational constant.
+     */
+    default Vector3 gravitationalForce(Massive b) {
+        Vector3 direction = b.massCenter().minus(this.massCenter());
+        double distance = direction.length();
+        direction.normalize();
+        double force = Simulation.G * this.mass() * b.mass() / (distance * distance);
+        return direction.times(force);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Centers this mass at a new position, according to the specified force vector 'force' exerted
+     * on it, and updates the current velocity vector accordingly.
+     * (Velocity depends on the mass of 'this', its current velocity and the exerted force.)
+     */
+    void move(Vector3 force);
+}

src/MassiveForceHashMap.java

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/**
+ * A hash map that associates a 'Massive'-object with a Vector3 (typically this is the force
+ * exerted on the object). The number of key-value pairs is not limited.
+ */
+public class MassiveForceHashMap {
+    private int size;
+    private Massive[] keys;
+    private Vector3[] values;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes 'this' as an empty map.
+     */
+    public MassiveForceHashMap() {
+        this(16);
+    }
+
+    public MassiveForceHashMap(int capacity) {
+        this.size = 0;
+        this.keys = new Massive[capacity];
+        this.values = new Vector3[capacity];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new key-value association to this map. If the key already exists in this map,
+     * the value is replaced and the old value is returned. Otherwise 'null' is returned.
+     * Precondition: key != null.
+     */
+    public Vector3 put(Massive key, Vector3 value) {
+        if (size > keys.length / 2) doubleCapacity();
+
+        int idx = ((key.hashCode() % keys.length) + keys.length) % keys.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            int pos = (idx + i) % keys.length;
+            if (values[pos] == null) {
+                keys[pos] = key;
+                values[pos] = value;
+                size++;
+                return null;
+            } else if (keys[pos].equals(key)) {
+                Vector3 old = values[pos];
+                values[pos] = value;
+                return old;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException();
+    }
+
+    private void doubleCapacity() {
+        Massive[] oldKeys = keys;
+        Vector3[] oldValues = values;
+        keys = new Massive[keys.length * 2];
+        values = new Vector3[values.length * 2];
+        size = 0;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < oldKeys.length; i++) {
+            Massive k = oldKeys[i];
+            Vector3 v = oldValues[i];
+            if (v != null) put(k, v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the value associated with the specified key, i.e. the method returns the force vector
+     * associated with the specified key. Returns 'null' if the key is not contained in this map.
+     * Precondition: key != null.
+     */
+    public Vector3 get(Massive key) {
+        int idx = ((key.hashCode() % keys.length) + keys.length) % keys.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            int pos = (idx + i) % keys.length;
+            if (keys[pos] == null) {
+                break;
+            } else if (keys[pos].equals(key)) {
+                return values[pos];
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns 'true' if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
+     */
+    public boolean containsKey(Massive key) {
+        return this.get(key) != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a readable representation of this map, with all key-value pairs. Their order is not
+     * defined.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        if (size == 0) return "{}";
+
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("{");
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            Massive k = keys[i];
+            Vector3 v = values[i];
+            if (k != null && v != null) {
+                sb.append("\n  ");
+                sb.append(k);
+                sb.append(": ");
+                sb.append(v);
+                sb.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length() - 1);
+        sb.append("\n}");
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares `this` with the specified object for equality. Returns `true` if the specified
+     * `o` is not `null` and is of type `MassiveForceHashMap` and both `this` and `o` have equal
+     * key-value pairs, i.e. the number of key-value pairs is the same in both maps and every
+     * key-value pair in `this` equals one key-value pair in `o`. Two key-value pairs are
+     * equal if the two keys are equal and the two values are equal. Otherwise, `false` is returned.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof MassiveForceHashMap map) || map.size != size)
+            return false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            Massive k1 = keys[i];
+            Vector3 v1 = values[i];
+            if (k1 == null || v1 == null) continue;
+            Vector3 v2 = map.get(k1);
+            if (!v1.equals(v2)) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hashCode of `this`.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int hash = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            Massive k = keys[i];
+            Vector3 v = values[i];
+            if (k == null || v == null) continue;
+            hash ^= k.hashCode();
+            hash ^= v.hashCode();
+        }
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of all the keys in no specified order.
+     */
+    public MassiveLinkedList keyList() {
+        MassiveLinkedList list = new MassiveLinkedList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+            if (keys[i] != null && values[i] != null)
+                list.addLast(keys[i]);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+}

src/MassiveLinkedList.java

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+/**
+ * A list of massive objects implemented as a linked list.
+ * The number of elements of the list is not limited.
+ */
+public class MassiveLinkedList implements Iterable<Massive> {
+    private int size = 0;
+    private Item first;
+    private Item last;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes 'this' as an empty list.
+     */
+    public MassiveLinkedList() {
+        first = null;
+        last = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes 'this' as an independent copy of the specified list 'list'.
+     * Calling methods of this list will not affect the specified list 'list'
+     * and vice versa.
+     * Precondition: list != null.
+     */
+    public MassiveLinkedList(BodyLinkedList list) {
+        this.size = 0;
+        for (Body b : list) {
+            this.addLast(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts the specified element 'body' at the beginning of this list.
+     */
+    public void addFirst(Massive body) {
+        if (first == null) {
+            first = new Item(body);
+            last = first;
+        } else {
+            first.setPrev(new Item(body));
+            first = first.prev;
+        }
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends the specified element 'body' to the end of this list.
+     */
+    public void addLast(Massive body) {
+        if (last == null) {
+            last = new Item(body);
+            first = last;
+        } else {
+            last.setNext(new Item(body));
+            last = last.next;
+        }
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the last element in this list.
+     * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
+     */
+    public Massive getLast() {
+        return (last != null) ? last.body : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the first element in this list.
+     * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
+     */
+    public Massive getFirst() {
+        return (first != null) ? first.body : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves and removes the first element in this list.
+     * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
+     */
+    public Massive pollFirst() {
+        if (first == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Massive m = first.body;
+        first = first.next;
+        if (first != null) first.setPrev(null);
+        size--;
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves and removes the last element in this list.
+     * Returns 'null' if the list is empty.
+     */
+    public Massive pollLast() {
+        if (last == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Massive m = last.body;
+        last = last.next;
+        if (last != null) last.setNext(null);
+        size--;
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
+     * Precondition: i >= 0 && i <= size().
+     */
+    public void add(int i, Massive m) {
+        if (first == null || i == 0) {
+            addFirst(m);
+            return;
+        } else if (i == size) {
+            addLast(m);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Item item = first;
+        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+            item = item.next;
+        }
+
+        item.prev.setNext(new Item(m));
+        item.setPrev(item.prev.next);
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
+     * Precondition: i >= 0 && i < size().
+     */
+    public Massive get(int i) {
+        Item item;
+        if (i < size / 2) {
+            item = first;
+            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+                item = item.next;
+            }
+        } else {
+            item = last;
+            for (int j = size - 1; j > i; j--) {
+                item = item.prev;
+            }
+        }
+        return item.body;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if
+     * this list does not contain the element.
+     */
+    public int indexOf(Massive m) {
+        if (first == null) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        Item item = first;
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++, item = item.next) {
+            if (item.body.equals(m)) return i;
+        }
+
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of elements in this list.
+     */
+    public int size() {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<Massive> iterator() {
+        return new Iterator<>() {
+            Item ptr = first;
+            boolean yieldedFirst = false;
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean hasNext() {
+                return ptr != null && (!yieldedFirst || ptr.next != null);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Massive next() {
+                if (!yieldedFirst) {
+                    yieldedFirst = true;
+                } else {
+                    ptr = ptr.next;
+                }
+                return ptr.body;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private class Item {
+        private final Massive body;
+        private Item prev;
+        private Item next;
+
+        public Item(Massive body) {
+            this.body = body;
+            this.prev = null;
+            this.next = null;
+        }
+
+        public void setPrev(Item prev) {
+            this.prev = prev;
+            if (prev != null) prev.next = this;
+        }
+
+        public void setNext(Item next) {
+            this.next = next;
+            if (next != null) next.prev = this;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/NamedBody.java

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+public class NamedBody implements Massive {
+
+    private final String name;
+    private final Body body;
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this with name, mass, current position and movement.
+     */
+    public NamedBody(String name, double mass, Vector3 massCenter, Vector3 currentMovement) {
+        this(name, new Body(mass, massCenter, currentMovement));
+    }
+
+    public NamedBody(String name, Body body) {
+        this.name = name;
+        this.body = body;
+    }
+
+    public NamedBody(NamedBody other) {
+        this(other.name, new Body(other.body));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the body.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public Body getBody() {
+        return body;
+    }
+
+    public Vector3 getMassCenter() {
+        return body.getMassCenter();
+    }
+
+    public double getMass() {
+        return body.getMass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares `this` with the specified object. Returns `true` if the specified `o` is not
+     * `null` and is of type `NamedBody` and both `this` and `o` have equal names.
+     * Otherwise, `false` is returned.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof NamedBody b)) return false;
+        return this.name.equals(b.name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the hashCode of `this`.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return this.name.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a readable representation including the name of this body.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void move(Vector3 force) {
+        body.move(force);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void draw(CodeDraw cd) {
+        body.draw(cd);
+    }
+}

src/NamedBodyForcePair.java

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+/**
+ * A body with a name and an associated force. The leaf node of
+ * a hierarchical cosmic system. This class implements 'CosmicSystem'.
+ */
+public class NamedBodyForcePair implements CosmicSystem {
+
+    private final NamedBody body;
+    private final Vector3 force = new Vector3();
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes this with name, mass, current position and movement. The associated force
+     * is initialized with a zero vector.
+     */
+    public NamedBodyForcePair(String name, double mass, Vector3 massCenter, Vector3 currentMovement) {
+        this(new NamedBody(name, mass, massCenter, currentMovement));
+    }
+
+    public NamedBodyForcePair(String name, Body body) {
+        this(new NamedBody(name, body));
+    }
+
+    public NamedBodyForcePair(NamedBody body) {
+        this.body = body;
+    }
+
+    public NamedBodyForcePair(NamedBodyForcePair other) {
+        this(new NamedBody(other.body));
+    }
+
+    public Body getBody() {
+        return body.getBody();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the body.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return body.getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return this.getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Vector3 getMassCenter() {
+        return body.massCenter();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getMass() {
+        return body.mass();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int numberOfBodies() {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double distanceTo(CosmicSystem cs) {
+        return getMassCenter().distanceTo(cs.getMassCenter());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addForceFrom(Body b) {
+        force.add(body.gravitationalForce(b));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addForceTo(CosmicSystem cs) {
+        cs.addForceFrom(body.getBody());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BodyLinkedList getBodies() {
+        BodyLinkedList list = new BodyLinkedList();
+        list.addFirst(body.getBody());
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void update() {
+        body.move(force);
+        force.set(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void draw(CodeDraw cd) {
+        body.draw(cd);
+    }
+}

src/Simulation4.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+
+/**
+ * Simulates the formation of a massive solar system.
+ */
+public class Simulation4 {
+
+    public static final double SECTION_SIZE = 10 * Simulation.AU;
+
+    /**
+     * The main simulation method using instances of other classes.
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        CodeDraw cd = new CodeDraw();
+
+        NamedBodyForcePair sun = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.SUN_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair earth = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.EARTH_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair moon = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MOON_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair mars = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MARS_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair deimos = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.DEIMOS_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair phobos = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.PHOBOS_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair mercury = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.MERCURY_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair venus = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.VENUS_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair vesta = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.VESTA_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair pallas = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.PALLAS_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair hygiea = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.HYGIEA_NAMED);
+        NamedBodyForcePair ceres = new NamedBodyForcePair(SolSystem4.CERES_NAMED);
+
+        CosmicSystem earthSystem = new HierarchicalSystem(earth, moon);
+        CosmicSystem marsSystem = new HierarchicalSystem(mars, deimos, phobos);
+        CosmicSystem sol = new HierarchicalSystem(sun, mercury, venus, earthSystem, marsSystem, vesta, pallas, hygiea, ceres);
+
+        long seconds = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            seconds++;
+
+            sol.addForceTo(sol);
+            sol.update();
+
+            if ((seconds % 3600) == 0) {
+                cd.clear(Color.BLACK);
+                sol.draw(cd);
+                cd.show();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Simulation5.java

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import codedraw.CodeDraw;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+/**
+ * Simulates the formation of a massive solar system.
+ */
+public class Simulation5 {
+
+    // gravitational constant
+    public static final double G = 6.6743e-11;
+
+    // one astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance of earth to the sun.
+    public static final double AU = 150e9; // meters
+
+    // one light year
+    public static final double LY = 9.461e15; // meters
+
+    // some further constants needed in the simulation
+    public static final double SUN_MASS = 1.989e30; // kilograms
+    public static final double SUN_RADIUS = 696340e3; // meters
+    public static final double EARTH_MASS = 5.972e24; // kilograms
+    public static final double EARTH_RADIUS = 6371e3; // meters
+
+    // set some system parameters
+    public static final double SECTION_SIZE = 10 * AU; // the size of the square region in space
+
+    public static final int NUMBER_OF_BODIES = 22;
+    public static final double OVERALL_SYSTEM_MASS = 20 * SUN_MASS; // kilograms
+
+    // all quantities are based on units of kilogram respectively second and meter.
+
+    /**
+     * The main simulation method using instances of other classes.
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+        // simulation
+        CodeDraw cd = new CodeDraw();
+
+        // create solar system with 12 bodies
+        NamedBody sun = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.SUN_NAMED);
+        NamedBody earth = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.EARTH_NAMED);
+        NamedBody moon = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MOON_NAMED);
+        NamedBody mars = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MARS_NAMED);
+        NamedBody deimos = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.DEIMOS_NAMED);
+        NamedBody phobos = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.PHOBOS_NAMED);
+        NamedBody mercury = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.MERCURY_NAMED);
+        NamedBody venus = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.VENUS_NAMED);
+        NamedBody vesta = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.VESTA_NAMED);
+        NamedBody pallas = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.PALLAS_NAMED);
+        NamedBody hygiea = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.HYGIEA_NAMED);
+        NamedBody ceres = new NamedBody(SolSystem4.CERES_NAMED);
+        // create some additional bodies
+        Body[] bodies = new Body[NUMBER_OF_BODIES];
+
+        Random random = new Random(2022);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < bodies.length; i++) {
+            bodies[i] = new Body(
+                    Math.abs(random.nextGaussian()) * OVERALL_SYSTEM_MASS / bodies.length,
+                    new Vector3(0.2 * random.nextGaussian() * AU, 0.2 * random.nextGaussian() * AU, 0.2 * random.nextGaussian() * AU),
+                    new Vector3(0 + random.nextGaussian() * 5e3, 0 + random.nextGaussian() * 5e3, 0 + random.nextGaussian() * 5e3)
+            );
+        }
+
+        MassiveForceHashMap forceOnBody = new MassiveForceHashMap();
+        forceOnBody.put(sun, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(earth, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(moon, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(mars, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(deimos, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(phobos, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(mercury, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(venus, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(vesta, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(pallas, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(hygiea, new Vector3());
+        forceOnBody.put(ceres, new Vector3());
+
+        for (Body b : bodies) {
+            forceOnBody.put(b, new Vector3());
+        }
+
+        long seconds = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            seconds++;
+
+            for (Massive b1 : forceOnBody.keyList()) {
+                Vector3 force = new Vector3();
+                for (Massive b2 : forceOnBody.keyList()) {
+                    if (b1 != b2) {
+                        force = force.plus(b1.gravitationalForce(b2));
+                    }
+                }
+                forceOnBody.put(b1, force);
+            }
+
+            for (Massive body : forceOnBody.keyList()) {
+                body.move(forceOnBody.get(body));
+            }
+
+            if ((seconds % 3600) == 0) {
+                cd.clear(Color.BLACK);
+                for (Massive body : forceOnBody.keyList()) {
+                    body.draw(cd);
+                }
+                cd.show();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/SolSystem.java

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+public class SolSystem {
+    public static final Body SUN = new Body(1.989e30, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), new Vector3(0, 0, 0));
+    public static final Body EARTH = new Body(5.972e24, new Vector3(-1.394555e11, 5.103346e10, 0), new Vector3(-10308.53, -28169.38, 0));
+    public static final Body MERCURY = new Body(3.301e23, new Vector3(-5.439054e10, 9.394878e9, 0), new Vector3(-17117.83, -46297.48, -1925.57));
+    public static final Body VENUS = new Body(4.86747e24, new Vector3(-1.707667e10, 1.066132e11, 2.450232e9), new Vector3(-34446.02, -5567.47, 2181.10));
+    public static final Body MARS = new Body(6.41712e23, new Vector3(-1.010178e11, -2.043939e11, -1.591727E9), new Vector3(20651.98, -10186.67, -2302.79));
+}

src/SolSystem4.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+public class SolSystem4 {
+    public static final Body SUN = new Body(1.989E30, new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), new Vector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+    public static final Body EARTH = new Body(5.972E24, new Vector3(-6.13135922534815E10, -1.383789852227691E11, 2.719682263474911E7), new Vector3(26832.720535473603, -11948.23168764519, 1.9948243075997851));
+    public static final Body MOON = new Body(7.349E22, new Vector3(-6.132484773775896E10, -1.387394951280871E11, 1.701046736294776E7), new Vector3(27916.62329282941, -12020.39526008238, -94.89703264508708));
+    public static final Body MARS = new Body(6.41712E23, new Vector3(-1.7923193702925848E11, 1.726665823982123E11, 7.991673845249474E9), new Vector3(-15925.78496403673, -15381.16179928219, 68.67560910598857));
+    public static final Body DEIMOS = new Body(1.8E20, new Vector3(-1.792255010450533E11, 1.726891122683271E11, 7.990659337380297E9), new Vector3(-17100.476719804457, -15020.348656808, 631.2927851249581));
+    public static final Body PHOBOS = new Body(1.08E20, new Vector3(-1.792253482539647E11, 1.72661109673625E11, 7.987848354800322E9), new Vector3(-14738.203714241401, -13671.17675223948, -411.0012490555253));
+    public static final Body MERCURY = new Body(3.301E23, new Vector3(-5.167375560011926E10, -4.217574885682655E10, 1.14808913958168E9), new Vector3(21580.25398577148, -34951.03632847389, -4835.225596525241));
+    public static final Body VENUS = new Body(4.86747E24, new Vector3(-3.123150865740532E10, 1.0395568504115701E11, 3.173401325838074E9), new Vector3(-33748.180519629335, -10014.25141045021, 1809.94488874165));
+    public static final Body VESTA = new Body(2.5908E20, new Vector3(-3.337493557929893E11, -4.7147908276077385E10, 4.1923010146878105E10), new Vector3(4440.54247538484, -19718.49074006637, 48.06573124543601));
+    public static final Body PALLAS = new Body(2.14E20, new Vector3(4.3452066613895575E11, -2.057319365171432E11, 1.0549957423213101E11), new Vector3(5058.947582097117, 11184.45711782372, -8183.524138259704));
+    public static final Body HYGIEA = new Body(8.32E19, new Vector3(-3.983943433707043E11, 2.325833000024021E11, -2.233667695713672E10), new Vector3(-6931.864585548552, -15686.8108598699, -690.5791992347208));
+    public static final Body CERES = new Body(9.394E20, new Vector3(3.781372641419032E11, 1.96718960466285E11, -6.366459168068592E10), new Vector3(-8555.324226752316, 14718.33755980907, 2040.230135060142));
+
+    public static final NamedBody SUN_NAMED = new NamedBody("Sun", SUN);
+    public static final NamedBody EARTH_NAMED = new NamedBody("Earth", EARTH);
+    public static final NamedBody MOON_NAMED = new NamedBody("Moon", MOON);
+    public static final NamedBody MARS_NAMED = new NamedBody("Mars", MARS);
+    public static final NamedBody DEIMOS_NAMED = new NamedBody("Deimos", DEIMOS);
+    public static final NamedBody PHOBOS_NAMED = new NamedBody("Phobos", PHOBOS);
+    public static final NamedBody MERCURY_NAMED = new NamedBody("Mercury", MERCURY);
+    public static final NamedBody VENUS_NAMED = new NamedBody("Venus", VENUS);
+    public static final NamedBody VESTA_NAMED = new NamedBody("Vesta", VESTA);
+    public static final NamedBody PALLAS_NAMED = new NamedBody("Pallas", PALLAS);
+    public static final NamedBody HYGIEA_NAMED = new NamedBody("Hygiea", HYGIEA);
+    public static final NamedBody CERES_NAMED = new NamedBody("Ceres", CERES);
+}

src/SpaceDraw.java

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ public class SpaceDraw {
      * where m and r measured in solar units.)
      */
     public static double massToRadius(double mass) {
-
         return Simulation.SUN_RADIUS * (Math.pow(mass / Simulation.SUN_MASS, 0.5));
     }
 
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ public class SpaceDraw {
      * Returns the approximate color of temperature 'kelvin'.
      */
     private static Color kelvinToColor(int kelvin) {
-
         double k = kelvin / 100D;
         double red = k <= 66 ? 255 : 329.698727446 * Math.pow(k - 60, -0.1332047592);
         double green = k <= 66 ? 99.4708025861 * Math.log(k) - 161.1195681661 : 288.1221695283 * Math.pow(k - 60, -0.0755148492);
@@ -51,12 +49,15 @@ public class SpaceDraw {
      * A transformation used in the method 'kelvinToColor'.
      */
     private static int limitAndDarken(double color, int kelvin) {
-
         int kelvinNorm = kelvin - 373;
-
+        if (color < 0 || kelvinNorm < 0) {
-        if (color < 0 || kelvinNorm < 0) return 0;
+            return 0;
-        else if (color > 255) return 255;
+        } else if (color > 255) {
-        else if (kelvinNorm < 500) return (int) ((color / 256D) * (kelvinNorm / 500D) * 256);
+            return 255;
-        else return (int) color;
+        } else if (kelvinNorm < 500) {
+            return (int) ((color / 256D) * (kelvinNorm / 500D) * 256);
+        } else {
+            return (int) color;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Vector3.java

@@ -22,6 +22,20 @@ public class Vector3 {
         this.z = z;
     }
 
+    public Vector3(Vector3 other) {
+        this(other.x, other.y, other.z);
+    }
+
+    public void set(double v) {
+        set(v, v, v);
+    }
+
+    public void set(double x, double y, double z) {
+        this.x = x;
+        this.y = y;
+        this.z = z;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the sum of this vector and vector 'v'.
      */
@@ -29,6 +43,12 @@ public class Vector3 {
         return new Vector3(x + v.x, y + v.y, z + v.z);
     }
 
+    public void add(Vector3 v) {
+        this.x += v.x;
+        this.y += v.y;
+        this.z += v.z;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the product of this vector and 'd'.
      */
@@ -43,6 +63,12 @@ public class Vector3 {
         return new Vector3(x - v.x, y - v.y, z - v.z);
     }
 
+    public void sub(Vector3 v) {
+        this.x -= v.x;
+        this.y -= v.y;
+        this.z -= v.z;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the Euclidean distance of this vector
      * to the specified vector 'v'.
@@ -73,11 +99,11 @@ public class Vector3 {
     }
 
     public double getScreenX(CodeDraw cd) {
-        return cd.getWidth() * (this.x + Simulation.SECTION_SIZE / 2) / Simulation.SECTION_SIZE;
+        return cd.getWidth() * (this.x + Simulation4.SECTION_SIZE / 2) / Simulation4.SECTION_SIZE;
     }
 
     public double getScreenY(CodeDraw cd) {
-        return cd.getWidth() * (this.y + Simulation.SECTION_SIZE / 2) / Simulation.SECTION_SIZE;
+        return cd.getWidth() * (this.y + Simulation4.SECTION_SIZE / 2) / Simulation4.SECTION_SIZE;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,7 +111,7 @@ public class Vector3 {
      * in the canvas associated with 'cd'. The z-coordinate is not used.
      */
     public void drawAsFilledCircle(CodeDraw cd, double radius) {
-        radius = cd.getWidth() * radius / Simulation.SECTION_SIZE;
+        radius = cd.getWidth() * radius / Simulation4.SECTION_SIZE;
         cd.fillCircle(getScreenX(cd), getScreenY(cd), Math.max(radius, 1.5));
     }
 
@@ -93,6 +119,7 @@ public class Vector3 {
      * Returns the coordinates of this vector in brackets as a string
      * in the form "[x,y,z]", e.g., "[1.48E11,0.0,0.0]".
      */
+    @Override
     public String toString() {
         return String.format("[%g,%g,%g]", x, y, z);
     }